This is a list of countries by nominal GDP per capita. GDP per capita is the total value of a country's finished goods and services (gross domestic product) divided by its total population (per capita).
_gdp_per_capita_in_2024_by_country-nations.png)
| >$60,000 $50,000–$60,000 $40,000–$50,000 $30,000–$40,000 | $20,000–$30,000 $10,000–$20,000 $5,000–$10,000 $2,500–$5,000 | $1,000–$2,500 $500–$1,000 <$500 No data |
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living;[1][2] however, this is inaccurate because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income. Measures of personal income include average wage, real income, median income, disposable income and GNI per capita.
Comparisons of GDP per capita are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries, see List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita. PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem but not others; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than GDP per capita. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.
The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency. Such fluctuations change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference to the standard of living of its population.
For change of GDP per capita over time as a measure of economic growth, see real GDP growth and real GDP per capita growth.
Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some dependent territories) and states with limited international recognition are included in the list in cases in which they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here (except Kosovo and Taiwan), but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. Four UN members (Cuba, Liechtenstein, Monaco and North Korea) do not belong to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), hence their economies are not ranked below. Kosovo, despite not being a member of the United Nations, is a member of IMF. Taiwan is not a IMF member but it is still listed in the official IMF indices.
Several leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions may be considered tax havens, and their GDP data subject to material distortion by tax-planning activities. Examples include Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland and Luxembourg.[3]
Table
All data are in current United States dollars. Historical data see list of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal) per capita.
The table initially ranks each country or territory by its IMF estimate, and can be reranked by any of the sources.
| Country/Territory | IMF[4] | World Bank[5] | United Nations[6] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | Year | Estimate | Year | Estimate | Year | |
 Monaco |
— | 256,581 | 2023 | 256,581 | 2023 | |
 Liechtenstein |
— | 207,973 | 2023 | 207,150 | 2023 | |
 Luxembourg |
140,941 | 2025 | 137,516 | 2024 | 128,936 | 2023 |
 Bermuda |
— | 138,935 | 2024 | 125,842 | 2023 | |
 Ireland |
108,919 | 2025 | 107,316 | 2024 | 106,106 | 2023 |
 Switzerland |
104,896 | 2025 | 103,670 | 2024 | 100,831 | 2023 |
 Cayman Islands |
— | 97,750 | 2023 | 97,583 | 2023 | |
 Singapore |
92,932 | 2025 | 90,674 | 2024 | 86,616 | 2023 |
 Iceland |
90,284 | 2025 | 82,704 | 2024 | 80,827 | 2023 |
 Norway |
89,694 | 2025 | 86,810 | 2024 | 87,932 | 2023 |
 United States |
89,105 | 2025 | 85,810 | 2024 | 80,706 | 2023 |
 Isle of Man |
— | 88,329 | 2022 | — | ||
 Macau |
76,314 | 2025 | 73,047 | 2024 | 64,158 | 2023 |
 Denmark |
74,969 | 2025 | 71,852 | 2024 | 68,440 | 2023 |
 Channel Islands |
— | 74,589 | 2024 | — | ||
 Faroe Islands |
— | 71,774 | 2024 | — | ||
 Qatar |
71,653 | 2025 | 76,276 | 2024 | 71,499 | 2023 |
 Netherlands |
70,480 | 2025 | 68,219 | 2024 | 63,803 | 2023 |
 Australia |
64,547 | 2025 | 64,408 | 2024 | 67,129 | 2023 |
 San Marino |
59,603 | 2025 | 54,265 | 2022 | 58,917 | 2023 |
 Greenland |
— | 58,499 | 2023 | 54,374 | 2023 | |
 Austria |
58,192 | 2025 | 56,833 | 2024 | 56,042 | 2023 |
 Sweden |
58,100 | 2025 | 57,723 | 2024 | 55,439 | 2023 |
 Belgium |
57,772 | 2025 | 55,723 | 2024 | 55,049 | 2023 |
 Israel |
57,760 | 2025 | 54,177 | 2024 | 55,488 | 2023 |
 Hong Kong |
56,031 | 2025 | 54,107 | 2024 | 51,166 | 2023 |
 Germany |
55,911 | 2025 | 55,800 | 2024 | 53,528 | 2023 |
 United Kingdom |
54,949 | 2025 | 52,637 | 2024 | 49,224 | 2023 |
 Finland |
54,163 | 2025 | 53,189 | 2024 | 52,762 | 2023 |
 Canada |
53,558 | 2025 | 54,283 | 2024 | 54,517 | 2023 |
 United Arab Emirates |
49,498 | 2025 | 49,378 | 2024 | 48,311 | 2023 |
 France |
46,792 | 2025 | 46,150 | 2024 | 44,451 | 2023 |
 New Zealand |
46,126 | 2025 | 48,747 | 2024 | 48,750 | 2023 |
 Malta |
45,735 | 2025 | 42,347 | 2024 | 41,676 | 2023 |
 Andorra |
45,263 | 2025 | 49,304 | 2024 | 46,812 | 2023 |
 U.S. Virgin Islands |
— | 44,321 | 2022 | — | ||
 European Union[n 1] |
44,220 | 2025 | 43,145 | 2024 | — | |
 Guam |
— | 41,833 | 2022 | — | ||
 Cyprus |
41,132 | [n 2]2025 | 38,654 | [n 2]2024 | 37,077 | [n 2]2023 |
 Italy |
41,091 | 2025 | 40,226 | 2024 | 38,672 | 2023 |
 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) |
— | 40,028 | 2024 | 39,237 | 2023 | |
 British Virgin Islands |
— | — | 38,627 | 2023 | ||
 Puerto Rico |
38,605 | 2025 | 39,285 | 2023 | 36,367 | 2023 |
 Aruba |
37,775 | 2025 | 33,985 | 2023 | 33,802 | 2023 |
 Bahamas |
36,784 | 2025 | 39,355 | 2024 | 35,896 | 2023 |
 Spain |
36,192 | 2025 | 35,298 | 2024 | 33,814 | 2023 |
 Slovenia |
35,332 | 2025 | 34,089 | 2023 | 32,642 | 2023 |
 New Caledonia |
— | 33,516 | 2022 | 34,981 | 2023 | |
 Brunei |
34,970 | 2025 | 33,418 | 2024 | 32,963 | 2023 |
 South Korea |
34,642 | 2025 | 33,121 | 2023 | 35,538 | 2023 |
 Taiwan |
34,426 | [n 3]2025 | — | — | ||
 Japan |
33,956 | 2025 | 32,476 | 2024 | 33,806 | 2023 |
 Czech Republic |
33,039 | 2025 | 31,707 | 2024 | 31,750 | 2023 |
 Estonia |
32,760 | 2025 | 31,170 | 2024 | 30,201 | 2023 |
 Guyana |
32,326 | 2025 | 29,884 | 2024 | 20,189 | 2023 |
 Lithuania |
30,835 | 2025 | 29,386 | 2024 | 27,956 | 2023 |
 Turks and Caicos Islands |
— | 30,349 | 2023 | 30,349 | 2023 | |
 Saudi Arabia |
30,099 | 2025 | 32,094 | 2023 | 32,094 | 2023 |
 Portugal |
30,002 | 2025 | 28,844 | 2024 | 27,718 | 2023 |
 Kuwait |
29,951 | 2025 | 33,730 | 2023 | 33,832 | 2023 |
 Bahrain |
28,857 | 2025 | 30,048 | 2024 | 28,453 | 2023 |
 Anguilla |
— | — | 28,850 | 2023 | ||
 Slovakia |
27,130 | 2025 | 26,148 | 2024 | 24,086 | 2023 |
 Poland |
26,805 | 2025 | 25,023 | 2024 | 20,876 | 2023 |
 Barbados |
25,901 | 2025 | 25,365 | 2024 | 23,804 | 2023 |
 Greece |
25,756 | 2025 | 24,752 | 2024 | 23,772 | 2023 |
 Cook Islands |
— | — | 25,750 | 2023 | ||
 Croatia |
25,674 | 2025 | 23,932 | 2024 | 21,661 | 2023 |
 Hungary |
24,809 | 2025 | 23,310 | 2024 | 21,954 | 2023 |
 Latvia |
24,374 | 2025 | 23,367 | 2024 | 22,444 | 2023 |
 Northern Mariana Islands |
— | 23,786 | 2022 | — | ||
 French Polynesia |
— | 22,774 | 2023 | 22,759 | 2023 | |
 Uruguay |
22,693 | 2025 | 23,907 | 2024 | 22,796 | 2023 |
 Antigua and Barbuda |
22,630 | 2025 | 23,726 | 2024 | 21,787 | 2023 |
 Cura?ao |
— | 22,192 | 2023 | 17,697 | 2023 | |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis |
21,911 | 2025 | 22,771 | 2024 | 22,625 | 2023 |
| Saint Martin (French part) |
— | 21,668 | 2021 | — | ||
 Seychelles |
21,633 | 2025 | 17,859 | 2024 | 16,735 | 2023 |
 Romania |
21,421 | 2025 | 20,072 | 2024 | 18,348 | 2023 |
 Panama |
20,080 | 2025 | 19,103 | 2024 | 18,701 | 2023 |
 Costa Rica |
19,095 | 2025 | 18,587 | 2024 | 16,942 | 2023 |
 Palau |
18,993 | 2025 | 15,899 | 2023 | 15,899 | 2023 |
 Oman |
18,966 | 2025 | 20,248 | 2024 | 20,972 | 2023 |
 Bulgaria |
18,522 | 2025 | 17,412 | 2024 | 15,068 | 2023 |
 Trinidad and Tobago |
18,445 | 2025 | 19,315 | 2023 | 16,960 | 2023 |
 Cuba |
— | 9,605 | 2020 | 18,329 | 2023 | |
 Maldives |
18,207 | 2025 | 13,215 | 2024 | 12,530 | 2023 |
 Montserrat |
— | — | 18,197 | 2023 | ||
 American Samoa |
— | 18,018 | 2022 | — | ||
 Chile |
17,015 | 2025 | 16,710 | 2024 | 17,068 | 2023 |
 Turkey |
16,709 | 2025 | 15,473 | 2024 | 12,814 | 2023 |
 Kazakhstan |
14,768 | 2025 | 14,005 | 2024 | 13,000 | 2023 |
 Saint Lucia |
14,499 | 2025 | 14,182 | 2023 | 13,555 | 2023 |
 Argentina |
14,362 | 2025 | 13,858 | 2023 | 14,187 | 2023 |
 Russia |
14,258 | 2025 | 14,889 | 2024 | 13,809 | 2023 |
| World | 14,217 | 2025 | 13,673 | 2024 | 13,097 | 2023 |
 Serbia |
14,174 | 2025 | 13,524 | 2024 | 11,101 | 2023 |
 China |
13,687 | [n 4]2025 | 13,303 | [n 5]2024 | 12,509 | [n 4]2023 |
 Montenegro |
13,508 | 2025 | 12,936 | 2024 | 11,885 | 2023 |
 Turkmenistan |
13,337 | 2025 | 8,572 | 2024 | 8,132 | 2023 |
 Malaysia |
13,145 | 2025 | 11,867 | 2024 | 11,377 | 2023 |
 Nauru |
12,727 | 2025 | 13,422 | 2024 | 14,812 | 2023 |
 Mexico |
12,692 | 2025 | 14,157 | 2024 | 13,826 | 2023 |
 Grenada |
12,591 | 2025 | 11,872 | 2024 | 11,246 | 2023 |
 Mauritius |
12,332 | 2025 | 11,872 | 2024 | 11,304 | 2023 |
 Dominican Republic |
11,743 | 2025 | 10,876 | 2024 | 10,718 | 2023 |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
11,162 | 2025 | 11,501 | 2024 | 10,767 | 2023 |
 Albania |
10,527 | 2025 | 10,012 | 2024 | 8,172 | 2023 |
 Brazil |
9,964 | 2025 | 10,280 | 2024 | 10,378 | 2023 |
 North Macedonia |
9,882 | 2025 | 9,310 | 2024 | 8,606 | 2023 |
 Dominica |
9,869 | 2025 | 10,405 | 2024 | 9,786 | 2023 |
 Georgia |
9,571 | [n 6]2025 | 8,284 | [n 6]2024 | 9,194 | [n 6]2023 |
 Armenia |
8,857 | 2025 | 8,501 | 2024 | 8,228 | 2023 |
 Gabon |
8,842 | 2025 | 8,219 | 2024 | 8,071 | 2023 |
 Peru |
8,814 | 2025 | 8,452 | 2024 | 7,907 | 2023 |
 Belize |
8,648 | 2025 | 8,430 | 2024 | 7,489 | 2023 |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
8,362 | 2025 | 8,957 | 2024 | 8,639 | 2023 |
 Moldova |
8,260 | [n 7]2025 | 7,618 | [n 7]2024 | 5,393 | [n 7]2023 |
 Marshall Islands |
8,133 | 2025 | 7,467 | 2024 | 6,952 | 2023 |
 Colombia |
8,054 | 2025 | 7,914 | 2024 | 6,948 | 2023 |
 Belarus |
7,875 | 2025 | 8,316 | 2024 | 7,883 | 2023 |
 Jamaica |
7,778 | 2025 | 7,020 | 2024 | 6,840 | 2023 |
 Thailand |
7,767 | 2025 | 7,345 | 2024 | 7,182 | 2023 |
 Equatorial Guinea |
7,750 | 2025 | 6,745 | 2024 | 6,558 | 2023 |
 Azerbaijan |
7,604 | 2025 | 7,284 | 2024 | 7,012 | 2023 |
 Mongolia |
7,201 | 2025 | 6,692 | 2024 | 5,790 | 2023 |
 Kosovo |
7,147 | 2025 | 7,299 | 2024 | 6,157 | 2023 |
 Botswana |
7,021 | 2025 | 7,695 | 2024 | 7,820 | 2023 |
 Ecuador |
6,942 | 2025 | 6,875 | 2024 | 6,610 | 2023 |
 Suriname |
6,858 | 2025 | 7,431 | 2024 | 5,976 | 2023 |
 Libya |
6,801 | 2025 | 6,318 | 2024 | 6,027 | 2023 |
 Fiji |
6,740 | 2025 | 6,288 | 2024 | 5,889 | 2023 |
 Guatemala |
6,698 | 2025 | 6,150 | 2024 | 5,763 | 2023 |
 Tuvalu |
6,543 | 2025 | 6,345 | 2023 | 6,880 | 2023 |
 Paraguay |
6,522 | 2025 | 6,416 | 2024 | 6,276 | 2023 |
 South Africa |
6,397 | 2025 | 6,253 | 2024 | 5,976 | 2023 |
 Ukraine |
6,261 | [n 8]2025 | 5,390 | [n 8]2024 | 4,737 | [n 8]2023 |
 El Salvador |
5,722 | 2025 | 5,580 | 2024 | 5,391 | 2023 |
 Tonga |
5,721 | 2025 | 4,864 | 2023 | 4,859 | 2023 |
 Algeria |
5,691 | 2025 | 5,631 | 2024 | 5,364 | 2023 |
 Iraq |
5,668 | 2025 | 6,074 | 2024 | 5,149 | 2023 |
 Samoa |
5,471 | 2025 | 4,899 | 2024 | 4,765 | 2023 |
 Cape Verde |
5,421 | 2025 | 5,273 | 2024 | 4,961 | 2023 |
 Micronesia |
5,291 | 2025 | 4,166 | 2024 | 4,084 | 2023 |
 Lebanon |
5,282 | 2024 | 3,478 | 2023 | 4,757 | 2023 |
 Indonesia |
5,027 | 2025 | 4,925 | 2024 | 4,876 | 2023 |
 Jordan |
4,903 | 2025 | 4,456 | 2023 | 4,442 | 2023 |
 Vietnam |
4,806 | 2025 | 4,717 | 2024 | 4,282 | 2023 |
 Namibia |
4,661 | 2025 | 4,413 | 2024 | 4,168 | 2023 |
 Eswatini |
4,613 | 2025 | 3,936 | 2024 | 3,717 | 2023 |
 Tunisia |
4,528 | 2025 | 4,350 | 2024 | 3,979 | 2023 |
 Bolivia |
4,525 | 2025 | 4,001 | 2024 | 3,686 | 2023 |
 Morocco |
4,397 | 2025 | 3,993 | 2024 | 3,830 | 2023 |
 Philippines |
4,350 | 2025 | 3,985 | 2024 | 3,805 | 2023 |
 Djibouti |
4,343 | 2025 | 3,497 | 2024 | 3,469 | 2023 |
 Sri Lanka |
4,325 | 2024 | 4,516 | 2024 | 3,673 | 2023 |
 Bhutan |
4,302 | 2025 | 3,839 | 2023 | 3,839 | 2023 |
 Venezuela |
4,068 | 2025 | 15,944 | 2014 | 4,925 | 2023 |
 Iran |
3,897 | 2025 | 4,771 | 2024 | 4,432 | 2023 |
 S?o Tomé and Príncipe |
3,569 | 2025 | 3,245 | 2024 | 2,963 | 2023 |
 Vanuatu |
3,548 | 2025 | 3,543 | 2024 | 3,492 | 2023 |
 Honduras |
3,519 | 2025 | 3,426 | 2024 | 3,232 | 2023 |
 Uzbekistan |
3,514 | 2025 | 3,162 | 2024 | 2,549 | 2023 |
 Egypt |
3,174 | 2025 | 3,339 | 2024 | 2,895 | 2023 |
 Nicaragua |
3,019 | 2025 | 2,848 | 2024 | 2,613 | 2023 |
 Angola |
2,884 | 2025 | 2,122 | 2024 | 2,464 | 2023 |
 India |
2,878 | 2025 | 2,697 | 2024 | 2,487 | 2023 |
 Ivory Coast |
2,872 | 2025 | 2,710 | 2024 | 2,528 | 2023 |
 Cambodia |
2,870 | 2025 | 2,627 | 2024 | 2,458 | 2023 |
 Kyrgyzstan |
2,747 | 2025 | 2,419 | 2024 | 1,977 | 2023 |
 Bangladesh |
2,689 | 2025 | 2,593 | 2024 | 2,464 | 2023 |
 Haiti |
2,672 | 2025 | 2,142 | 2024 | 1,705 | 2023 |
 Palestine |
3,259 | [n 9]2023 | 2,592 | [n 9]2024 | 3,640 | [n 10]2023 |
 Papua New Guinea |
2,565 | 2025 | 3,076 | 2024 | 2,986 | 2023 |
 Ghana |
2,519 | 2025 | 2,405 | 2024 | 2,260 | 2023 |
 Mauritania |
2,478 | 2025 | 2,121 | 2023 | 2,121 | 2023 |
 Kenya |
2,468 | 2025 | 2,206 | 2024 | 1,952 | 2023 |
 Kiribati |
2,414 | 2025 | 2,288 | 2024 | 2,178 | 2023 |
 Solomon Islands |
2,379 | 2025 | 2,149 | 2024 | 2,042 | 2023 |
 Congo |
2,356 | 2025 | 2,482 | 2024 | 2,291 | 2023 |
 Zimbabwe |
2,199 | 2025 | 2,656 | 2024 | 1,858 | 2023 |
 Laos |
2,096 | 2025 | 2,124 | 2024 | 1,958 | 2023 |
 Guinea |
1,904 | 2025 | 1,717 | 2024 | 1,597 | 2023 |
 Cameroon |
1,865 | 2025 | 1,762 | 2024 | 1,737 | 2023 |
 Senegal |
1,811 | 2025 | 1,744 | 2024 | 1,682 | 2023 |
 Comoros |
1,702 | 2025 | 1,784 | 2024 | 1,703 | 2023 |
 Benin |
1,532 | 2025 | 1,485 | 2024 | 1,394 | 2023 |
 Timor-Leste |
1,491 | 2025 | 1,343 | 2024 | 1,503 | 2023 |
 Pakistan |
— | 1,484 | 2024 | 1,212 | 2023 | |
 Nepal |
1,458 | 2025 | 1,447 | 2024 | 1,363 | 2023 |
 Tajikistan |
1,432 | 2025 | 1,341 | 2024 | 1,161 | 2023 |
 Uganda |
1,338 | 2025 | 1,072 | 2024 | 1,049 | 2023 |
 Zambia |
1,332 | 2025 | 1,235 | 2024 | 1,331 | 2023 |
 Tanzania |
1,280 | 2025 | 1,185 | 2024 | 1,209 | [n 11]2023 |
 Zanzibar |
— | 1,225 | 2023 | 1,374 | 2023 | |
 Myanmar |
1,177 | 2025 | 1,359 | 2024 | 1,147 | 2023 |
 Guinea-Bissau |
1,126 | 2025 | 963 | 2024 | 855 | 2023 |
 Burkina Faso |
1,107 | 2025 | 987 | 2024 | 883 | 2023 |
 Lesotho |
1,098 | 2025 | 972 | 2024 | 916 | 2023 |
 Ethiopia |
1,066 | 2025 | 1,011 | 2022 | 1,241 | 2023 |
 Togo |
1,053 | 2025 | 1,043 | 2024 | 997 | 2023 |
 Rwanda |
1,043 | 2025 | 1000 | 2024 | 1,010 | 2023 |
 Chad |
991 | 2025 | 1,016 | 2024 | 913 | 2023 |
 Gambia |
988 | 2025 | 909 | 2024 | 890 | 2023 |
 Mali |
936 | 2025 | 1,086 | 2024 | 833 | 2023 |
 Sierra Leone |
916 | 2025 | 873 | 2024 | 758 | 2023 |
 Liberia |
908 | 2025 | 846 | 2024 | 917 | 2023 |
 Syria |
— | 847 | 2023 | 1,230 | 2023 | |
 Nigeria |
807 | 2025 | 807 | 2024 | 1,646 | 2023 |
 Somalia |
766 | 2025 | 637 | 2024 | 597 | 2023 |
 Niger |
751 | 2025 | 723 | 2024 | 643 | 2023 |
 DR Congo |
743 | 2025 | 647 | 2024 | 655 | 2023 |
 Mozambique |
663 | 2025 | 647 | 2024 | 623 | 2023 |
 Eritrea |
— | 689 | 2011 | 656 | 2023 | |
 North Korea |
— | — | 640 | 2023 | ||
 Sudan |
625 | 2025 | 989 | 2024 | 680 | 2023 |
 Madagascar |
595 | 2025 | 545 | 2024 | 598 | 2023 |
 Malawi |
580 | 2025 | 602 | 2023 | 509 | 2023 |
 Central African Republic |
532 | 2025 | 516 | 2024 | 496 | 2023 |
 Burundi |
490 | 2025 | 154 | 2024 | 289 | 2023 |
 Yemen |
417 | 2025 | 433 | 2024 | 222 | 2023 |
 Afghanistan |
409 | 2023 | 414 | 2023 | 396 | 2023 |
 South Sudan |
251 | 2025 | 1,080 | 2015 | 403 | 2023 |
Notes:
- Data unavailable for the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, the Holy See (Vatican City), Jersey, Niue, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Tokelau, and Western Sahara.
- Nearly all country links in the table (except that of Zanzibar) take to articles titled "Income in country or territory" or to "Economy of country or territory".
Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens
Many of the leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions are tax havens whose economic data is artificially inflated by tax-driven corporate accounting entries. For instance, the Irish GDP data above is subject to material distortion by the tax planning activities of foreign multinationals in Ireland. To address this, in 2017 the Central Bank of Ireland created "modified GNI" (or GNI*) as a more appropriate statistic, and the OECD and IMF have adopted it for Ireland. 2015 Irish GDP is 143% of 2015 Irish GNI*.
A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 percent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world’s investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons.
—?"Piercing the Veil", International Monetary Fund, June 2018[7]
See also
Notes
- ^ The European Union is included because it is far more than a free trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur. It has certain attributes associated with independent countries: its own flag, anthem, currency (for some members), parliament and other law-making abilities, as well as diplomatic representation and a common foreign and security policy when dealing with external partners. However, because the EU is an organization and not a sovereign state, it does not receive a ranking in this list.
- ^ a b c Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
- ^ The name used by the IMF is the "Taiwan Province of China".
- ^ a b Figures for China exclude Taiwan, and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
- ^ Figures exclude special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
- ^ a b c Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
- ^ a b c Excludes data for Transnistria.
- ^ a b c Figures exclude the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
- ^ a b The name used by the IMF and World Bank is the "West Bank and Gaza"
- ^ The name used by the UN is the "State of Palestine".
- ^ The UN figure excludes autonomous region of Zanzibar.
References
- ^ O'Sullivan, Arthur
- ^ French President seeks alternatives to GDP, The Guardian 14-09-2009.
"European Parliament, Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy: Beyond GDP Study" (PDF). (1.47 MB) - ^ Richard Phillips; Matt Gardner; Alexandria Robins; Michelle Surka (2017). "Offshore Shell Games 2017" (PDF). Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.
- ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Retrieved 29 June 2025.
- ^ "GDP per capita (current US$)". World Development Indicators. The World Bank. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
- ^ [1], (Select all countries, "GDP, Per Capita GDP–US Dollars", and "2023" to generate the table), United Nations Statistics Division. Access date: 12 February 2023.
- ^ "Piercing the Veil, FINANCE & DEVELOPMENT, JUNE 2018, VOL. 55, NO. 2". IMF Finance & Development. June 2018.
External links
- Chart of GDP per capita at current US$ prices by Google, World Bank data
- World Map and Chart of GDP per capita at current prices by Lebanese-economy-forum, World Bank data
- IMF DataMapper